Jordan: Facts & Stats

ECONOMY

Industry:

Industry plays an increasingly important part in Jordan's economy. In 2001, industry as a whole accounted for 26% of GDP, while manufacturing contributed 17%. Most industrial income comes from four industries: cement, oil refining, phosphates, and potash. Cement production has been rising since the 1980s. In 1998, government sold 33% of the Jordan Cement Factories Company (JCFC) to La Farge of France as part of its program of privatization begun in 1996. The 60-year old Jordan Phosphates Mine Company (JPMC) has a monopoly on phosphate mining in Jordan.

In 2002 the government began negotiating with the Potash Company of Saskatchewan for the sale of a 40% stake in JPMC, finalization scheduled for March 2003. The Arab Potash Company, a pan-Arab company, was granted a 100-year monopoly for potash mining in Jordan when it was founded in 1956. As of 2003, the government holds 52% and is seeking to sell 26%.

Jordan's one oil refinery is in Az-Zarqa', which has a capacity of 90,4000 barrels per day. Oil is supplied to it from Iraq by a fleet of 1,500 trucks traveling across 600 miles of desert highway. Iraq sells oil to Jordan on terms of one-half free and one-half with a 40% discount of the price above $20/barrel. Since 1998 Jordan and Iraq have been agreed in principle to replace the oil trucks with a pipeline, estimated to cost $350 million. In 2002, Jordan was formally receiving bids for the first stage of the projects. The government holds 52% in a 100-year monopoly.

Agriculture:

Jordan's agriculture suffered a severe blow after the 1967 Israeli occupation of the West Bank, as this area contains almost half of the country's agricultural land. Irrigation schemes and soil and water conservation programs have received emphasis in Jordan's economic development. The 77-km (48-mi) East Ghor Canal, substantially completed in 1966 and reconstructed in the early 1970s after heavy war damage, siphons water from the Yarmuk River and provides irrigation for about 13,000 hectares (32,000 acres). Water conservation in other areas has been undertaken with the rehabilitation of old water systems and the digging of wells. As of 1998, an estimated 75,000 hectares (185,000 acres) were irrigated.

The cooperative movement has made progress in the agricultural sector; the Central Cooperative Union, established in 1959, provides seasonal loans and advice to local cooperatives. The Agricultural Credit Corporation, founded in 1960, provides low-cost loans to finance agricultural investments.

Agriculture accounted for 4% of GDP in 2001. The major grain crops are wheat and barley, but these need to be heavily supplemented by foreign imports. Some fruit crops are grown for export; these include olives, figs almonds, grapes and apricots. Main vegetable crops are tomatoes and cucumbers. The major livestock animal is the sheep, while cattle, goats and poultry are also reared.

Research & Development:

In order to tap Jordan's human talent, the promotion of science and technology is at the top of both public and private sectors' priority lists. The Higher Council for Science and Technology, the Royal Scientific Society and the R&D programs supported by various private companies are key components of Jordan's science and technology sectors. Jordan's interest in forming a governmental body to oversee policy, planning and development of the sector began in the early sixties, with the establishment of the Scientific Research Council in 1964. The Council supported research and represented Jordan at regional and international levels.

In 1977, the Council was abolished and in its place the Directorate for Science and Technology was set up. In 1988, the Higher Council for Science and Technology was formed to unify and supervise the development of research and the administration of science and technology in Jordan, coordinate national policy, and create a national scientific and technological base that would assist and develop existing institutions. The Royal Scientific Society was established in 1970 as a research and development institution to work in field related to the development process in Jordan. It became one of the scientific and technological centers of the Higher Council for Science and Technology in October 1988.

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